[THE STANDARD MODEL]
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated some success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. For example, it does not fully explain why there is more matter than antimatter, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses.
Despite this issue, it is humanity's best-known model that describes the entire universe combined with the General Theory of Relativity.
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The Standard Model includes members of several classes of elementary particles, which in turn can be distinguished by other characteristics, such as colour charge (a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
All particles can be broadly classified into 2 categories, Fermions and Bosons, according to the statistics they follow:
1. Fermions - The ordinary Matter Particles. Fermions obey the Fermi-Dirac Statistics under which they respect the Pauli exclusion principle, meaning that two identical fermions cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state in the same atom. Each fermion has a corresponding antiparticle (same properties with opposite charges). They are further classified into two families:
1.1. Quarks: The fundamental constituents of matter, the only particles in the standard model to experience all four fundamental forces. They combine to form hadrons. There are six "flavours" of Quarks: up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange (s), top (t), and bottom (b). Each quark has a corresponding "antiquark". While up and down quarks are generally stable and the most common in the universe, whereas strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks can only be produced in high-energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and in particle accelerators). Alternative names for bottom and top quarks are "beauty" and "truth", respectively, but these names have somewhat fallen out of use. While "truth" never did catch on, accelerator complexes devoted to the massive production of bottom quarks are sometimes called "beauty factories".
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1.2. Leptons - Particles that do not undergo strong interactions. Just like Quarks there are six flavours of leptons as well:
A. Electron (e-) – The most well-known lepton, plays an essential role in numerous physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and thermal conductivity. Its anti-particle is commonly known as positron (e+).
B. Muon (μ-) – A heavier version of an electron, unstable but has a lifetime much longer than many other sub-atomic particles. Due to their greater mass, they emit less bremsstrahlung (deceleration radiation). This allows muons of a given energy to penetrate far deeper into matter. For example, so-called secondary muons, created by cosmic rays hitting the atmosphere, can penetrate the atmosphere, reach Earth's surface and even into deep mines.
C. Tau (τ-) – An even heavier electron-like particle, extremely unstable and potentially much more highly penetrating but because of its short lifetime, the range of the tau is mainly set by its decay length, which is too small for bremsstrahlung to be noticeable. Its penetrating power appears only at ultra-high velocity and energy, when time dilation extends its otherwise very short path-length.
D. Neutrinos (ν): The only lepton which does not interact with electromagnetic fields. Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic flavours: electron neutrino (νe), muon neutrino (νμ) and tau neutrino (ντ). Because its rest mass is so small, it was long thought to be zero thus allowing billions of neutrino to pass through our bodies everyday unimpeded and undetected.
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2. Bosons - They are special particles. Bosons obey the Bose-Einstein Statistics, they do not follow the Pauli exclusion principle restrictions. Bosons are further classified into two families of particles:
2.1. Gauge Bosons - The Force Carries:
A. Photons (γ): The quantum of electromagnetic field. The particle responsible for electromagnetic interactions, including light, electricity, and magnetism.
B. Gluon (g) – The particle that mediates the strong nuclear force between quarks, binding quarks into hadrons. They are described in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
C. W and Z Bosons (W+, W-, Z⁰) – The mediators of the weak nuclear force. Enabling processes like nuclear decay and transmutation(conversation of one element into another) the W± are pivotal Bosons.
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2.2. Scalar Boson - The only know scalar boson is the Higgs Boson, the most recently confirmed elementary particle (2013). This so called "God Particle" interacts with mass.
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The Fundamental Interactions:
In the Standard Model, an interaction is described as an exchange of bosons between the objects affected, such as a photon for the electromagnetic force and a gluon for the strong interaction. Those particles are called force carriers. The relative strength of these forces from the weakest to the strongest are: Gravitational< Weak Nuclear < Electromagnetic < Strong Nuclear Interaction. Electromagnetism and weak interaction appear to be very different at everyday low energies. They can be modelled using two different theories. However, above unification energy, on the order of 100 GeV, they would merge into a single electroweak force.
1. Electromagnetism: The only long-range force in the Standard Model, mediated by photons and couples to electric charge. Electromagnetism is responsible for a wide range of phenomena including atomic electron shell structure, chemical bonds, electric circuits and electronics. Electromagnetic interactions in the Standard Model are described by quantum electrodynamics (QED).
2. Weak Nuclear Interaction: The weak interaction is responsible for various forms of particle decay, such as beta decay. It is weak and short-range, due to the fact that the weak mediating particles, W and Z bosons, have mass.
3. Strong Nuclear Interaction: The strong nuclear force is responsible for hadronic and nuclear binding. It is mediated by gluons, which couple to colour charge. Since gluons themselves have colour charge, the strong force exhibits colourconfinement (only colour-neutral particles can exist in isolation, therefore quarks can only exist in hadrons and never in isolation, at low energies) and asymptotic freedom (strong force becomes weaker, as the energy scale increases.). The strong force overpowers the electrostatic repulsion of protons and quarks in nuclei and hadrons respectively, at their respective scales.
4. Gravity: Despite being perhaps the most familiar fundamental interaction, gravity is not described by the Standard Model, due to contradictions that arise when combining general relativity, the modern theory of gravity, and quantum mechanics. However, gravity is so weak at microscopic scales, that it is essentially unmeasurable. The graviton is postulated to be the mediating particle, but has not yet been proved to exist. The gravitational interaction is attributed to the curvature of spacetime, described by Einstein's general theory of relativity.
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[POWER SYSTEM]
I. Quanta: Quanta are the fundamental packets of energy required to facilitate boson exchange, allowing individuals to manipulate the forces. To fully master the utilisation of Quanta, a Perturbator must invoke perturbations (in quantum field theory, perturbations are small changes that allow approximate predictions about particle interactions) beyond the simple exchange of bosons between fermions; these additional perturbations can involve bosons exchanging fermions, as well as the creation or destruction of particles.
Usage & Limitations:
1. Accumulation & Refinement:
- Each force user, known as a Perturbator, accumulates and refines Quanta in their brain through the food they consume.
2. Strength & Control:
- The potency and limitations of a Perturbator's abilities depend on the concentration of bosons in their brain and their skill in controlling boson exchange.
- Pushing this concentration further can extend their limits but induces extreme particle interactions. If a Perturbator cannot withstand these reactions, they will undergo quantum fluctuations, decoupling from reality. In such cases, the uncontrolled fluctuations cause them to cease to exist.
3. Energy Drain & Mental Fatigue:
- Every use of a force ability drains Quanta. Running out of Quanta may temporarily disable a Perturbator's abilities or cause cognitive impairment due to the brain's reliance on Quanta processing.
- Excessive depletion leads to mental fatigue as the brain struggles to process increasingly complex perturbations.
II. Force Class – A classification based on the Standard Model of physics, determining the category of a user's abilities:
1. Electromagnetic Manipulation (Photons) – The easiest force field to master. Perturbators manipulate magnetism, light, and electricity.
- Low-level: Basic control over either the magnetic field or the electric field.
- Mid-level: Stronger control over electromagnetic field, but can't generate EMWs.
- Ultimate-level: Near-unstoppable control over electromagnetic fields.
2. Strong Nuclear Manipulation (Gluons) – The second most difficult to master. These powers involve nuclear fusion and fission. Perturbators can harden their bodies (like tanks) or unleash nuclear blasts to devastate their enemies.
- Low-level: Basic molecular hardening due to control over binding forces (act as tankers)
- Mid-level: Stronger control over binding forces + low density nuclear blasts through fusion and fission.
- Ultimate-level: Near-unstoppable control over strong force with extremely high-power nuclear blasts.
3. Weak Nuclear Manipulation (W/Z Bosons) – This class involves radioactivity and the manipulation of atomic decay. Perturbators can shapeshift, transmute elements, and convert matter into pure energy.
- Low-level users: Basic radioactivity and a small burst of radiation beams.
- Mid-level users: Stronger control over radioactivity + limited transmutation allowing shapeshifting and converting elements.
- Ultimate-level users: Near-unstoppable control over Radioactivity and transmutation, and energy conversion.
4. Gravity Manipulation – Gravity manipulation is the most difficult to master. Not much is known about Gravity Manipulation, since there is no theory of gravity at the quantum scale, but some control can be done using General Relativity. Perturbators can manipulate gravity and spacetime in a short range. Some say that extremely powerful ultimate perturbators could manipulate spacetime itself. These individuals can achieve control over the entire structure of the universe, creating black holes, bending time, or even rewinding reality. However, no ultimate or even mid-high level perturbators of gravity are known, which keeps the balance of power somewhat in check.
- Low-level users: Basic gravity manipulation.
- Mid-level users: Stronger control over gravity + limited spacetime manipulation.
- Ultimate-level users: Near-unstoppable control over spacetime manipulation